Measuring pH Solution Using Acid Base Indicator

Measurement Tool	pH range	Acid	Base
Litmus Phenolphtalein Metil orange Metil red Bromtimol blue Universal indicator pH meter	5.5 - 8 8.3 - 10 2.8 - 4 4.2 - 6.3 6.0 - 7.6 0 - 14 0 - 14	Red No color Red Red Yellow -- --	Blue Red Yellow Yellow Blue -- --

Example: Next stretch indicator data basa acid.

Indicator	Stretch pH	Changes color
Metil purple Bromkesol green Bromtimol blue	0.5 - 1.5 3.8 - 5.4 6.0 - 7.6	Yellow - purple Yellow - blue Yellow - blue

Determining with the value of pH with indicator solution data

given:
with metil purple indicator, purple
with bromkesol green indicator, blue
with bromtimol blue indicator, yellow
Determine the pH range of the solution!
Answer:
According to data range pH indicator:
With metil purple indicator, purple, the pH solution > 1.5.
With bromkesol green indicator, blue, the pH solution > 5.4.
With bromtimol blue indicator, yellow, the pH solution <>

Metal and Non-metallic Elements

Nowadays, more than 100 elements have been found. Elements have certain properties that distinguish between the one elements with the other elements. We can distinguish the elements to the metal elements, metaloid elements and non-metallic elements.

Some of the properties of the metal:
Malleability: the metal can be formed without cracks.
Ductility: the metal can be drawn without a change in the surface.
Toughness: metal can be crooked.
Hardness: resistance to the penetration of metal or other hard objects puncture.

Commonly non-metal elements in gas phase at room temperature. While metaloid elements have the properties between metal elements and non-metallic elements.



In the table of periodic system of the elements, non-metallic elements located on the left side (except hydrogen) and non-metallic elements is located on the right side. Metal and non-metallic elements is separated by the metaloid elements which is located in the middle table of periodic system of the elements.

Metaloid elements are Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Tellurium (Te) Polonium (Po), Astatine (At). Some of the metal elements are Sodium (Na), Iron (Fe), Coppre (Cu) etc. Some of the non-metallic elements are hydrogen (H), Helium(He), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N) etc.

Water Equilibrium Constant and Acid Base Strength

Water Equilibrium Constant
Water is a very weak electrolyte. Ionization occurs in water:
H₂O → H⁺ + OH^-

K _[H2O] = [H⁺] [OH^-]
Kw = [H⁺] [OH^-]
At a temperature of 25ºC, Kw = 1.10^-14, so that [H⁺] = [OH^-] = 1.10^-7.
Acid solution [H⁺]> 1.10^-7.
Base solution [OH-] < 1.10^-7.

Acid Base Strength
Acid base strength expressed in H⁺ or OH^- concentration. Acid with the high concentration of H⁺ has greater acid strength than with the acid H⁺ with low concentration. Similarly base with its concentration of OH^-.
Example:
HCl → ....H⁺ ....+ ...Cl^-
0.1 M .. 0.1 M 0....0.1 M
H₂SO₄ → ....2H⁺ ...+ ..SO₄^2-
0.1 M .....0.2 M...... 0.1 M
At the same concentration (0.1 M), H₂SO₄ is more acid than HCl because the H₂SO₄ has greater H⁺ concentration than HCl.

Acid Base Theory

1. Arrhenius Theory
Acid: electrolyte substance which in water produce H⁺ ion.
Example: HBr_(aq) → H⁺_(aq) + Br^-_(aq).
Base: electrolyte substance which in water produces OH-.
Example: KOH_(aq) → K⁺_(aq) + OH^-_(aq).


2. Bronsted Lowry Theory
Acid: substance that gives proton or H^+.
Base: oxygen proton or accept a H⁺.
Example: H₂O + NH₃ → NH₄⁺ + OH^-
acid1 basa1 acid2 base2
Base acid conjugation couple has characteristics deviate only 1 H⁺.
For the reaction on the spouse: H₂O and OH^-, NH₃ and NH₄⁺.
Substance amphipirotic/amfoter: substances that can give or receive
the proton (H⁺). Ex: H₂O, H₂PO₄^-,HPO₄^2-.


3. Lewis Theory

Acid: electron pair acceptor.
Base: electron pair donor.
Example: BF₃ + :NH₃ → H₃N:BF₃
NH₃ to give a pair of electrons to BF₃, NH₃ as base and BF₃ as acid.

Penggolongan Materi (Material Classification)

Ilmu kimia mempelajari materi. materi adalah sesuatu yang mempunyai massa dan menempati ruang. Materi dapat digolongkan ke dalam zat tunggal dan campuran.

ZAT TUNGGAL

1. Unsur

Unsur merupakan zat tunggal yang tidak bisa dipisahkan menjadi zat lain yang lebih sederhana. Contoh: hidrogen (H), oksigen (O), besi (Fe) dan lain-lain.


2. Senyawa

Senyawa adalah zat tunggal yang dapat dipisahkan menjadi zat lain yang lebih sederhana. Suatu senyawa hanya dapat dipisahkan menjadi unsur-unsur penyusunnya melalui perubahan kimia. Contoh senyawa: air (H₂O), alkohol (C₂H₅OH) dan lain-lain.

CAMPURAN

1. Larutan

Larutan adalah campuran homogen yang terdiri dari dua jenis zat atau lebih. Homogen artinya tidak ada bidang batas antara zat yang satu dengan yang lain (meski diamati menggunakan mikroskop ultra) atau mempunyai satu fasa. Larutan sering disebut secara spesifik sebagai larutan sejati. Ukuran partikel larutan sejati kurang dari 1.10^-9 nm. Contoh: larutan gula.


2. Koloid

Koloid merupakan jenis campuran yang memiliki karakteristik khusus sehingga dipelajari pada pembahasan tersendiri. Secara kasat mata koloid terlihat homogen, tetapi jika diamati menggunakan mikroskop ultra akan terlihat jelas bahwa koloid merupakan campuran heterogen. Ukuran partikel koloid antara 1.10^-9 - 1.10^-7 nm. Contoh: susu, agar-agar dan kabut.

(gambar diambil dari: http://roseskitchen.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/pandan-custard-agar-agar-slices.jpg)

3. Suspensi

Suspensi merupakan campuran heterogen dengan ukuran partikel lebih besar dari 1.10^-7 nm. Contoh: campuran tepung terigu dengan air.

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Chemistry learning all about materials. The material is anything that has mass and occupies space. Materials can be classified into a single substance and mixture.

SINGLE SUBSTANCE

1. Element
Element is a single substance that can not be separated into other simple substances. Example: hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), iron (Fe) and others.

2. Compound
Compound is a single substance that can be separated into other simple substances. A compound can only be separated into elements by chemical changes. Example compound: water (H₂O), alcohol (C₂H₅OH) and others.

MIXED

1. Solution
Solution is homogeneous mixture and consists of two or more kinds of substances. It means that is no homogeneous field boundary between the substance of one another (although observed using ultra-microscope) or to have one phase. Solution is often referred to specifically as the pure solvent. The size of pure solvent particles less than 1.10^-9 nm. Example: sugar solution.



2. Colloid
Colloid is a mixture that have special characteristics so that discussed in aother part. The colloidal look homogeneous, but when colloid observed using a ultra-microscope will be visible to clear that the colloid is a heterogeneous mixture. The size of colloidal particles between 1.10^-9 - 1.10-⁷ nm. Examples: milk, jelly and fog.
(picture taken from: http://www.jaylichtman.com/pictures/picture-oregon-city-or-bridge-in-fog.JPG)

3. Suspensi
Suspensi is a heterogeneous mixture of particles with a size greater than the 1.10^-7 nm. Example: a mixture of wheat flour with water.

Perubahan Kimia dan Perubahan Fisika

Perubahan fisika tidak ditandai dengan terbentuknya zat baru. Sedangkan perubahan kimia ditandai dengan terbentuknya zat baru.
Perubahan fisika lebih kita kenal sebagai perubahan wujud zat. Pada perubahan wujud zat, tidak ada zat baru yang terbentuk. Zat tersebut meski telah berubah wujudnya tetapi masih mempunyai rumus molekul kimia yang sama. Macam-macam perubahan fisika:

1. Mencair: perubahan wujud zat dari padat ke cair.
2. Menguap: perubahan wujud zat dari cair ke gas.
3. Menyublim: perubahan wujud zat dari gas ke padat/sebaliknya.
4. Mengembun: perubahan wujud zat dari gas ke cair.
5. Membeku: perubahan wujud zat dari cair ke padat.

Perubahan es mencair menjadi air adalah contoh perubahan fisika. Es dan air memiliki rumus molekul sama, yaitu H₂O, sehingga tidak ada zat baru yang terbentuk.

Perubahan kimia kita kenal sebagai reaksi kimia ditandai dengan beberapa ciri:

1. perubahan warna.
2. perubahan suhu.
3. timbulnya endapan.
4. timbulnya gas.

Pada pembakaran bahan bakar bensin terjadi proses perubahan kimia. Jika bensin kita anggap terdiri dari oktana, terjadi reaksi pembakaran bensin:
C₈H_8(g) + 12 O_2(g) ----> 8 CO_2(g) + 4 H₂O_(g)
bensin + oksigen ----> karbondioksida + uap air
Terlihat bahwa terbentuk zat baru yaitu karbondioksida dan uap air yang memiliki rumus molekul berbeda dengan zat awal yaitu bensin dan oksigen.

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Physical change is not marked with the new substance. While the chemical changes are marked with the new substance.
Physical change as we know called as phase substance. There is no new substance is created. Although these substance have phase changed but these substance still have the same chemical molecule formula. Various physical changes:

1. Melt: change in form of solid matter to liquid.
2. Evaporate: change in form of liquid matter to gas.
3. Sublimation: change in form of solid matter to gas and vice versa.
4. Dew: change in form of gas matter to liquid.
5. Frozen: change in form of liquid matter to solid.

Changes in ice melt into water is an example of physical changes. Ice and water have the same molecular formula, which is H₂O, so that no new substance is created.

Chemical changes we know as a chemical reaction by a few characteristics:

1. changes of color.
2. changes in temperature.
3. the occurrence of precipitation.
4. the occurrence of gas.

In the combustion of fuel gas there is chemical process change occurs. If we consider gas consists of octane, burning gas reaction:
C₈H_{8 (g)} + 12 O_{2 (g)} ----> 8 CO_{2 (g)} + 4 H₂O _(g)
fuel + oxygen ----> carbon dioxide + water vapor
That form new substances, namely carbon dioxide and water vapor that has a different molecular formula with the initial substances, octane and oxygen gas.

Tentang Atom dan Unsur (About Atoms And Elements)

Partikel terkecil dari suatu materi disebut atom. Jika kita punya sepotong logam aluminium lalu membaginya menjadi bagian-bagian sangat kecil sehingga tidak dapat dibagi lagi, maka bagian terkecil itu disebut atom.














Unsur adalah jenis/macam atom. Dalam sepotong logam aluminium terdapat banyak unsur aluminium yang bersatu melalui ikatan logam. Dalam air (H₂O) terdapat dua jenis atom, yaitu unsur hidrogen dan oksigen. Jumlah unsur hidrogen = 2 dan jumlah unsur oksigen = 1.
(gambar diambil dari http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/storage/images/contexts/icy_ecosystems/sci_media/water_molecule/21463-1-eng-NZ/water_molecule_full_size_landscape.jpg)

Kimia menggunakan simbol/lambang untuk mewakili unsur. Simbol/lambang merupakan gambar atau huruf yang digunakan untuk mewakili sesuatu. Kimia menggunakan satu atau dua huruf untuk mewakili unsur. Simbol untuk aluminium adalah Al. Simbol untuk oksigen adalah O dan lain-lain.

Kesimpulannya:
O merupakan unsur karena melambangkan jenis atom oksigen (unsur oksigen).

Atom-atom dapat bergabung membentuk molekul. Ada molekul unsur dan molekul senyawa.
Molekul unsur hanya terdiri dari satu jenis unsur, contoh H₂, O₂, N₂.
Molekul senyawa terdiri dari dua jenis unsur atau lebih, contoh H₂O, NaCl.

Kesimpulannya :
O₂ merupakan molekul unsur, terdiri dari 2 buah atom, jenis atom/unsurnya adalah oksigen.
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The smallest particles of a material called atom. If we have a metal piece aluminum then divide it to the very small parts so it can not be divided again, the smallest part is called atom.

Element is the type of / kind of atom. In aluminium metal piece there are many elements that bond together through the metal. In water (H2O) There are two types of atom, the element hydrogen and oxygen. Number of hydrogen element = 2 and Number of oxygen element = 1.

Chemist using symbols to represent the elements. Symbol is a letter that is used to represent something. Chemical use one or two letters to represent the elements. The symbol for aluminum is Al. The symbol for oxygen is O, and others.

In conclusion:
O is an element because it represents the type of oxygen atom (oxygen elements).

Atom-atom which formed a molecule can join. There are molecular element and molecular compound.
Molecular element consists of only one type of element, for example H2, O2, N2.
Molecular compound consisting of two or more types of elements, eg H2O, NaCl.












In conclusion:
O2 is a molecular element, consist of 2 pieces atom, the type of atom (element) is oxygen.
(picture taken from: http://www.monroecc.edu/depts/pstc/backup/o22.gif)

Kimia Unsur: Hidrogen

Hidrogen merupakan salah satu unsur kimia yang paling ringan di antara unsur-unsur kimia yang lain. Di atmosfer, hidrogen berada dalam wujud gas diatomik (H₂). Karena massa yang ringan ini, hidrogen di atmosfer hampir tidak dipengaruhi oleh gravitasi bumi sehingga jumlah hidrogen di atmosfer sangatlah langka. Di bumi, hidrogen berada dalam senyawanya seperti senyawa-senyawa hidrokarbon dan gas metana. Gas hidrogen dihasilkan oleh beberapa bakteri dan alga.

(picture taken from: http://keyhole.web.cern.ch/keyhole/theory/hydrogen.jpg)

Secara alamiah, hidrogen memiliki tiga buah isotop, yaitu protium ¹H, deuterium ²H dan tritium ³H. Isotop lainnya tidak stabil mulai disintesis di laboratorium (⁴H sampai dengan ⁷H). Protium merupakan isotop yang paling umum dengan kelimpahan 99,98%. Deuterium berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan bakar reaktor nuklir komersial. Air berat (air yang kaya deuterium) digunakan sebagai moderator dan pendingin pada reaktor nuklir. Tritium bersifat radioaktif. Sejumlah kecil tritium terbentuk karena interaksi sinar kosmik dan gas atmosfer. Tritium digunakan pada reaksi fusi nuklir dan sebagai perunut isotop kimia bumi.

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Hydrogen is a chemical element that most of the light elements of the other chemicals. In the atmosphere, hydrogen existing in diatomic gas (H2). Because the mass of hydrogen is light, the hydrogen in the atmosphere is almost not influenced by the earth's gravity so that the amount of hydrogen in the atmosphere is very rare. In the earth, the hydrogen found as compounds such as hydrocarbons compounds and methane gas. Hydrogen gas is produced by some bacteria and algae.

Naturally, there is three kinds of hydrogen isotope, protium is ¹H, deuterium ²H, and tritium ³H. Other unstable of hydrogen isotope start synthesized in the lab (4H to ⁷H). Protium is the most common isotope abundance of 99.98%. Deuterium is used as the potential to fuel commercial nuclear reactor. Heavy water (deuterium-rich water) was used as moderators in the refrigerator and the nuclear reactor. Tritium is radioactive. A small amount of tritium was formed of interaction between cosmic rays and the gas atmosphere. Tritium is used in nuclear fusion reactions as tracer and isotope geochemistry.

Pengertian Ilmu Kimia

PENGERTIAN ILMU KIMIA
Perlu diketahui ilmu kimia adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang susunan, struktur, sifat, perubahan serta energi yang menyertai perubahan suatu materi. Materi sendiri adalah sesuatu yang menempati ruang dan mempunyai massa. Jelas bahwa hampir semua benda di alam dibahas dalam ilmu kimia karena pada dasarnya setiap benda menempati ruang dan mempunyai massa. Artinya setiap benda merupakan materi.

APA YANG DIBAHAS DALAM ILMU KIMIA?
Ilmu kimia membahas semua materi tentang:
1. Susunannya dan strukturnya.
2. Sifatnya.
3. Perubahannya.
4. Energi yang menyertai perubahannya.
Misalkan kita membahas "air". Maka secara sederhana yag dipelajari oleh ilmu kimia tentang air adalah mengenai:
1. Bagaimana atom-atom hidrogen dan oksigen tersusun dalam sebuah molekul air dengan membentuk struktur molekul.
2. Bagaimana sifat-sifat air dihubungkan dengan susunan dan struktur tadi.
3. Perubahan apa yang terjadi pada air (erat kaitannya dengan reaksi kimia).
4. Seberapa besar energi yang dihasilkan atau diserap pada perubahan tersebut.

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The CHEMICAL SCIENCE
Please note chemistry is the science of learning about the layout, structure, properties, and the energy changes that accompany the change in a material. The material itself is something that occupies space and has mass. It is clear that almost all objects in the nature discussed in chemistry because basically every object occupies space and has mass. This means that each object is the material.

WHAT CHEMICAL SCIENCE discussed in?
Discusses the chemistry of all materials:
1. Order and structure.
2. Properties.
3. Changes.
4. Energy that accompanies change.
Suppose we discuss the "water". So simply by yag learned about the chemistry of water is about:
1. How-atomic hydrogen and oxygen atoms arranged in a molecule with water molecules form a structure.
2. How is nature connected with the water and the structure of the earlier order.
3. Change what happens to the water (closely related with the chemical reaction).
4. How much energy is produced or absorbed in the changes.

Atomic Number and Mass Number of Atom (Nomor Atom dan Nomor Massa Atom)

Every element have a different number of protons. The number of protons is atomic number. Beside protons, in an atom consist of electrons and neutrons. In neutral atom, number of protons is equal to number of electrons. The number of electrons determine the properties of atom.
the number of protons and neutrons which located in nucleuscalled as mass number of atom. The mass of protons and neutrons is atomic mass because the mass of electron is too small, so can be neglected. The atom of an element expressed by the following symbol:

where:
X = the symbol of atom
A = mass number of atom
Z = atomic number
Example: the symbol of C atom given by , so:
mass number of atom = A = the number of protons and electrons = 12
atomic number = the number of protons = the number of electrons = 6
the number of neutrons = A - Z = 12 - 6 = 6

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Setiap atom memiliki jumlah proton yang berbeda. Jumlah proton yang kita sebut sebagai nomor atom. Selain proton, di dalam atom juga terdapat elektron dan neutron. Dalam atom netral, jumlah proton sama dengan jumlah elektron. Jumlah elektron inilah yang menentukan sifat-sifat suatu atom.
Jumlah proton dan neutron yang terletak dalam inti atom disebut sebagai nomor massa atom. Massa proton dan neutron dianggap sebagai massa atom karena massa elektron terlalu kecil sehingga dapat diabaikan. Atom suatu unsur biasanya dilambangkan sebagi berikut:

dimana:
X = lambang atom
A = nomor massa atom
Z = nomor atom
Contoh: atom C memiliki lambang , maka:
nomor massa = A = jumlah proton dan neutron = 12
nomor atom = jumlah proton = jumlah elektron = 6
jumlah neutron = A - Z = 12 - 6 = 6

Isotope, Isobar and Isoton (Isotop Isobar dan Isoton)

Jika kita berbicara tentang massa atom relatif dan nomor atom, ada tiga konsep penting yang harus kita ketahui, yaitu isotop, isobar dan isoton.


1. Isotop
Isotop adalah dua atom atau lebih atom unsur yang memilki nomor atom sama tetapi nomor massanya berbeda. Contoh:
, dan adalah isotop karbon.
dan adalah isotop nitrogen.
2. Isobar
Isobar adalah dua atau lebih atom unsur yang memiliki nomor massa sama tetapi nomor atomnya berbeda. Contoh:
dan adalah isobar.
dan juga merupakan isobar.
3. Isoton
Isoton adalah dua atau lebih atom unsur yang memiliki nomor atom dan nomor massa berbeda tetapi jumlah neutronnya sama. Contoh:
(n = 12 - 6 = 6) dan (n = 13 - 7 = 6)adalah isoton
(n = 13 - 6 = 7) dan (n = 14 = 7 = 7) juga merupakan isoton.

If we talk about relative atomic mass, there are three important concepts which must be known, those are isotope, isobar and isoton.
1. Isotope
Isotope is two or more element atoms having the some atomic number but differing in mass number. Example:
, and are carbon isotopes.
and are nitrogen isotopes.
2. Isobar
Isobar is two or more element atoms having the same mass number but differing in atomic namber. Example:
and are isobar.
and are isobar too.
3. Isoton
Isoton is two or more element atoms differing in atomic number and mass atom, but having the same number of neutrons.Example:
(n = 12 - 6 = 6) and (n = 13 - 7 = 6) are isoton
(n = 13 - 6 = 7) and (n = 14 = 7 = 7) are isoton too.

PPM (Part Per Million) atau BPJ (Bagian Per Juta)

Ppm merupakan salah satu ukuran kadar suatu zat dalam campurannya. Ppm (part per million) dalam bahasa Indonesia diterjemahkan sebagai bpj (bagian per juta). Dari pengertiannya kita bisa mengambil kesimpulan bahwa ppm atau bpj merupakan kadar beberapa bagian zat dalam satu juta sistem.


Pada gambar air sungai di samping, misalkan dari hasil penetian kandungan timbalnya adalah 4 ppm (bisa juga dikatakan 4 bpj), berarti bahwa dalam 1 kg air sungai terdapat:
(4/1.000.000) x 1 kg timbal
= 0,000004 kg timbal
= 0,004 gram timbal
= 4 mg timbal.

Ppm atau bpj biasanya digunakan jika zat yang terkandung dalam suatu sistem campuran jumlahnya sangat sedikit. Misalkan jika terdapat 10 gram gula dalam 100 gram larutan gula, kadar zat dinyatakan dalam persen. Dalam contoh ini kadar gula dalam larutan gula adalah
(10/100) x 100%
= 10%

Semoga bermanfaat.

Oxidation Number

The rule of oxidation number:

1. Oxidation number for neutral substance just contains one element = 0. For example, O₂ = 0, S₈ = 0.
2. Oxidation number F = -1.
3. 3. Metal IA = +1. IIA = +2. IIIA = +3. Ag = +1. Zn = +2. Other metals have more than one oxidation number.
4. Hydrogen = +1 except in: Metal hydride = -1. NaH --> oxidation number of H = -1.
5. 5. Oxygen = -2, except in: OF₂ = +2. Peroxyde (Ex:H₂O₂) = -1. Superoxyde (Ex: KO₂)= -1/2.
6. The sum of oxidation number in a neutral compounds is zero. In H₂SO₄ compuond: H = +1 O = -2 S = +6 2H + S + 4O = 2.(+1) + (+6) + 4.(-2) = 0.
7. Simple ionic compounds have oxidation number equal to the charge on the ion. Oxidation number of Na⁺ = +1. Oxidation number of S^2- = -2.
8. The sum of oxidation number in ionic compounds is equal to the charge on the ionic compound. At NH₄⁺ oxidation number of H = +1 and N = -3. Sum = N + 4H = (-3) + 4.(+1) = +1.

History of Atom Models

If we talk about the history of atom, we can separate this into two periode, classic and modern. At the classic periode we find Democritus and Aristoteles. Aristoteles think that a matter have discontinue properties. If us divide a matter, hence we can continue the dividing of infinite. While according to Aristoteles, we will until in the situation that matter is other impartible. The impartible matter at later was called atom by Dalton.

The next person who released atom model theory is Dalton. He say that atom like ball of bilyard. One otem and another have different in form and properties. Chemical reactions are rearrangements of atoms (mass is conserved). Then Thomson continue idea concerning atom with the theory of that atom is positive electricity particle and electron spread over in it.

At next period, Rutherford release Solar System Model. Having taken steps attempt shot off alpha rays to a gold plate, he find that shot off alpha rays continued, to be turned and re-bounced. From this experiment result Rutherford trigger the idea of concerning atomic nucleus. Electron reside in around nucleus like our solar system with atomic nucleus as his center.

Next model of the atom conceived by Danish physicist Niels Bohr in 1913. It assumes that the following rules govern the behaviour of electrons: (1) electrons revolve in orbits of specific radius around the nucleus without emitting radiation; (2) within each orbit, each electron has a fixed amount of energy; electrons in orbits farther away from the nucleus have greater energies; (3) an electron may ‘jump’ from one orbit of high energy to another of lower energy causing the energy difference to be emitted as a photon of electromagnetic radiation such as light; (4) an electron may absorb a photon of radiation and jump from a lower-energy orbit to a higher-energy one.(http://encyclopedia.farlex.com)

Electrons are in constant motion around the nucleus, protons and neutrons jiggle within the nucleus, and quarks jiggle within the protons and neutrons.

This picture is quite distorted. If we drew the atom to scale and made protons and neutrons a centimeter in diameter, then the electrons and quarks would be less than the diameter of a hair and the entire atom's diameter would be greater than the length of thirty football fields! 99.999999999999% of an atom's volume is just empty space!(http://particleadventure.org)

I have no more idea to explain you about this topic. If you have a good knowledge about history of atoms theory, I hope you can tell me.