The Determinants of Risk Attitudes in Ireland and the United Kingdom

An Analysis of the Determinants of Risk Attitudes in Ireland and the United Kingdom
- by Kieran McQuinn and Nuala O’Donnell
Irish Central Bank Research Paper, May 2010

This paper (linked above) uses a measure of attitude to risk in the financial domain. Attitude to risk is elicited using a six-point Likert scale; the information in this variable is transformed into a binary indicator which is the regressand in a probit model. The results show that people from ethnic backgrounds appear to be more risk averse, while married people and males seem to have a significant preference for risk. It also appears that the greater the degree of population density, the greater the preference for risk. It is suggested that improving educational attainment within the population can increase preferences for risk. It is also suggested that risk preferences are a significant determinant of an individuals ability to accumulate wealth.

Psychology, Financial Decision Making and Financial Crises

Thanks to Michael D., for sending on this fantastic overview from the recent edition of Psychological Science in the Public Interest. Psychology students and graduates, the world needs you!

Psychology, Financial Decision Making, and Financial Crises

Tommy Gärling, Erich Kirchler, Alan Lewis, and Fred van Raaij

How could the current financial crisis have happened? While fingers have been pointing to greedy banks, subprime-loan officers, and sloppy credit card practices, these are not the only contributors to the economic downturn. A new report examines the psychology of financial decisionmaking, including the role of risk in making economic choices, how individuals behave in stock and credit markets, and how financial crisesimpact people’s well-being.

Risk taking is a very important component of financial decision making — If we take out a big loan, will we be able to pay it back? Should we buy shares of a company that is unknown but has potential for great success? When it comes to making decisions under uncertainty, people tend to be more influenced by perceived risk than by objective risk. People who are extraverted and high in sensation seeking are likelier to take more andhigher financial risks than are people high in conscientiousness and anxiety. Stock market investors are prone to cognitive biases (such as overconfidence), which are reinforced by affective and social influences, and these may contribute to several phenomena observed in stock markets (e.g., volatility of stock prices due to excessive trading). Credit use involves many different stages of decision making, including deciding whether or not to purchase a product using credit and determining a strategy for paying back the borrowed money.

Financial crises take a large toll not just on people’s wallets, but also on their behavior. Consumer confidence affects spending and saving. Individuals cope with financial crises in a number of ways, for example by shopping in cheaper stores and eating out less. Making lifestyle changes (e.g., selling the car, making their own clothing) is very difficult for most people and is often a last resort to dealing with economic troubles–these changes clearly signal to themselves and others that they are struggling financially.

Are financial crises inevitable? The authors argue that bringing about change in financial institutions may not be easy, but they offer suggestions for improving economic decision making. For example, educating consumers — by offering economics courses to children in school and teaching consumers how to appropriately handle credit — and by making financial institutions more responsible (e.g., banks offering Web-based programs to assist with budgeting).